MONTREAL - Monique Henry has been teaching English in Quebec for the better part of two decades without official certification. As a non-legally qualified teacher, she has had to learn her profession the hard way.
When she started teaching in 2006 she struggled with unruly students. As she never completed a university education program, she didn't learn classroom management techniques.
"You kind of just do it on the fly and learn with time," said Henry, 46, who teaches English as a second language at a high school in St-J茅r么me, Que., on a yearlong contract. 鈥淭here's no one to help you out . 鈥 If you have a problem, you're kind of on your own.鈥
Henry is one of a growing number of non-legally qualified teachers in Quebec schools who, education experts say, the provincial government is increasingly reliant on as the teaching shortage gets worse, putting the quality of education at risk and exhausting school staff.聽
Non-legally qualified teachers could have university degrees in non-teaching subjects, or no post-secondary education at all. They come from a wide array of backgrounds but have one thing in common: they aren't officially certified by the provincial government to teach.
Traditionally, teachers in Quebec become certified after completing a bachelor's degree in education and obtaining a teaching licence. In response to the labour shortages in the education system, the province has lowered the bar to getting that designation, but there is little incentive for non-legally qualified teachers to become certified because they are in such demand that school boards are hiring regardless of a candidate's educational background.
In December, the Quebec Education Department said there were 9,184 non-legally qualified teachers in the province鈥檚 public schools, up from 8,871 in May 2024 and 6,654 in May 2023. But that number only includes teachers on longer-term contracts and excludes substitutes, who make up the bulk of uncertified teachers.
In 2023, Quebec鈥檚 auditor general released a report revealing that in the 2020-21 school year there were more than 30,000 non-legally qualified teachers in the education network, mostly substitutes, a number that represented more than one-quarter of all teachers.
Nicolas Pr茅vost, president of the Quebec federation of school administrators, said he expects the number of uncertified teachers to significantly increase in the next few years because of low enrolment in university education programs and the provincial government's difficulty replacing retiring teachers.
Genevi猫ve Sirois, professor of school management at Universit茅 T脡LUQ, agrees. 鈥淲e are very dependent on non-legally qualified teachers right now." In 2015, Quebec had about 15,000 uncertified teachers; that number doubled in less than a decade, she said.
Although uncertified teachers vary greatly in professional experience, Sirois said those without proper training can hinder student learning.
鈥淛ust imagine a first grader who needs to learn how to read and write and ends up with a teacher with no knowledge of pedagogical principles, reading and writing 鈥. When it comes to students with difficulties, we can see the potential consequences right away,鈥 she said.聽
In Montreal, uncertified teacher Matthieu Th茅or锚t, 47, has previously held two long-term contracts but prefers to substitute. Uncertified teachers often show up for duty after the school year has begun with no time to prepare, he said. That means they are in many cases dependent on classwork and information provided by their colleagues.
Some teachers at the Montreal high school Th茅or锚t works at helped him last academic year but were too busy 鈥 or exhausted 鈥 to help this year. He doesn鈥檛 blame them. 鈥淭hey took lots of time from their work to help me and to help the other teachers that came before me and they were exhausted,鈥 he said, admitting that he sometimes feels like a burden.
The strain isn鈥檛 limited to fellow teachers but to secretaries and other support staff as well. 鈥淓verybody has to pick up some kind of organizational slack,鈥 he said.
Sirois, meanwhile, said new university programs have been created at the request of the province to fast-track certification for teachers, adding that the government is granting provisional teaching licences to students enrolled in teacher training programs.聽
But there is little incentive for non-legally qualified teachers to become certified, says Val茅rie Harnois, a PhD candidate at Laval University who studies how the province is responding to the teacher shortage. There is so much demand for teachers, she said, that uncertified people get regular work and close to the same pay as teachers who have education degrees and licences.
鈥淭here鈥檚 very little advantage from the financial standpoint to be legally qualified,鈥 Harnois said.
In a statement, the education department said Quebec is spending millions of dollars to recruit and retain workers: $39.6 million to make part-time positions more attractive, $37 million to keep retired teachers on the job, and another $37 million to support teaching staff.
Henry is on track to finally get her teaching licence. A few years ago, she temporarily quit teaching to take a job as a 911 dispatcher, but she was drawn back to the classroom by a new remote-learning bachelor鈥檚 degree program at Universit茅 de Sherbrooke. "I always wanted to go into teaching," she said.
This report by 春色直播was first published Jan. 11, 2025.
